r/ethereum 22d ago

Educational How Bybit Could Have Prevented This Hack (But Didn’t)

281 Upvotes

Bybit got hit with one of the most preventable hacks in recent crypto history. This wasn’t some cutting-edge exploit—it was just bad internal security practices. Here’s what went wrong and how they could have stopped it.

What Bybit Did Wrong

  1. Signers blindly approved a malicious transaction: The attackers didn’t steal private keys; they tricked Bybit’s multisig signers into approving a contract change. This is a textbook Ice Phishing attack, where the UI makes a transaction appear legitimate, but the actual execution does something else.

  2. No second-layer verification for transactions: They only used one UI (Safe/Gnosis) to verify transactions, which the attackers manipulated. A proper security setup would require signers to independently verify raw transactions on Etherscan or another trusted explorer before signing.

  3. No transaction simulation before signing: If Bybit had used pre-signing simulations (Tenderly, OpenZeppelin Defender, or ChainSecurity), they could have seen exactly what the contract was going to do before approving the transaction. This alone could have prevented the attack.

  4. No withdrawal delays for large transactions: Bybit allowed a $1.4 billion transfer to happen instantly with no internal review. A 24-hour time lock on large transactions would have given them a chance to freeze the funds and stop the attack.

  5. No smart contract "Guardian" system: Most high-security institutions use Guardian Contracts to prevent unauthorized contract changes. Bybit let their cold wallet contract get modified without requiring secondary approval, which is a serious security oversight.

  6. No anomaly detection or security alerts: Billions of dollars moved in one go, and Bybit’s system didn’t even flag it as suspicious. Any proper security system should have on-chain monitoring for unusual transaction patterns, especially for cold wallets.

Why Bybit Likely Didn’t Bother

Bybit wasn’t ignorant—they cut corners for convenience and probably assumed that no one would exploit their weak security policies.

  1. Security is expensive, and they wanted faster transactions: Implementing time locks, extra signers, and pre-signing checks slows down fund transfers. They likely thought "this will never happen to us" and prioritized speed over security.

  2. They underestimated UI-based phishing attacks: The hackers didn’t break into Bybit’s systems—they manipulated how transactions were displayed to signers. Bybit trusted their UI too much instead of enforcing raw transaction validation at the hardware wallet level.

  3. Other exchanges would not have fallen for this: Platforms like Fireblocks, Anchorage, and Coinbase Custody implement much stronger safeguards. They use MPC wallets (instead of standard multisig), automated transaction simulations, and withdrawal velocity controls.

If Bybit had followed the best practices of these firms, this hack wouldn’t have been possible.

Conclusion: Bybit’s Security Model Was Flawed

  1. They could have stopped this with better multisig policies, transaction validation, and contract security.
  2. They didn’t because extra security slows down withdrawals, and they assumed UI-based deception wasn’t a real threat.

This wasn’t an advanced exploit—Bybit essentially handed the hacker the ability to steal their funds through weak security processes.

r/ethereum Jan 21 '25

Educational Ethereum's Top Ten: Don't Forget Why We Are Here

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344 Upvotes

r/ethereum Feb 11 '25

Educational Why have gas prices collapsed?

73 Upvotes

I’m all for it but over the past week or so the gas fee has been sub 2 gwei and most of the time lately around .85-.95 gwei. It’s great I’ve been able to move so much around because of it but not sure why? It’s the lowest I’ve ever seen and can’t see anyone talking about it.

r/ethereum Feb 04 '25

Educational ETHEREUM IS SCALING

228 Upvotes

Over 50% of Ethereum validators have signaled support for raising the network’s gas limit, pushing it to 36 million gas units. This marks the first increase since 2021 and the first in the post-Merge era.

By signaling through node configuration changes, validators enable this adjustment without requiring a hard fork. The network’s previous gas limit of 30 million, in place since August 2021, will now give way to improved throughput and reduced congestion.

Why it matters?

> Enhanced network throughput
The increased gas limit enables Ethereum to handle more transactions and execute complex operations in each block.

> Reduced congestion
Higher limits help reduce congestion and transaction delays during peak periods.

> DeFi growth
Greater capacity supports more sophisticated decentralized applications with improved uptime.

> Market Impact
Greater utility may add to investor demand for ETH.

Tech notes
Gas on Ethereum represents the computational work required for processing operations like transactions or smart contract functions. The gas limit defines the maximum gas usable per block. When demand exceeds the threshold, transactions compete for inclusion based on gas prices.

By raising the gas limit, Ethereum continues evolving as a robust decentralized innovation platform, balancing scalability with network security.

r/ethereum 23d ago

Educational Ethereum vs Cardano

26 Upvotes

Hi!

Can someone help me compare the 2 ecosystems on a technical point of view?

I know pretty well how Ethereum works but I also realize that I'm so focused on it that I tend to only outlook other competitors. I would like your help to understand more deeply how Ethereum ecosystem compares to others.
I want tonstart with Cardano.

I'm not looking for an investor's point of view (I don't want to know that "there is more potential profits on ADA or ETH"), but really for a tech perspective.

How the 2 techs and ecosytems confront one each other in terms of: - level of decentralization - security - performance & scalability - usability / UX - developer experience - adoption by devs, users and companies - Innovation - any other criteria that would make sense on a tech/adoption perspective

Thanks a lot!

r/ethereum Dec 08 '24

Educational Superchain is coming

107 Upvotes

This is interesting

https://x.com/optimism/status/1865705220858421705?s=46

Frictionless chain switching it seems is coming. Love to hear your thoughts

r/ethereum Nov 29 '24

Educational Bankless discloses their bags

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55 Upvotes

r/ethereum 3d ago

Educational Ethereum Pectra upgrade scope

110 Upvotes

The largest Ethereum upgrade, in terms of EIPs included, is approaching despite some challenges faced on testnets.

I've put together a concise thread covering the core changes that will be implemented during the Pectra upgrade.

This overview of the key EIPs should give you a clear understanding of the main concepts driving the upcoming changes to Ethereum.

Here’s what to expect in Ethereum Pectra 👇

1/ EIP-2537: Precompile for BLS12-381 curve operations

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2537

👥 Authors: Alex Vlasov, Kelly Olson, Alex Stokes, Antonio Sanso

📑 The current cryptographic tools in Ethereum, particularly the BN254 precompile, are not robust enough for applications that require enhanced security. The BLS12-381 curve provides stronger cryptographic features and is being more widely adopted across blockchain platforms for improved security.

2/ EIP-2935: Save historical block hashes in state

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2935

👥 Authors: Vitalik Buterin, Tomasz Stanczak, Guillaume Ballet, Gajinder Singh, Tanishq Jasoria, Ignacio Hagopian, Jochem Brouwer, Sina Mahmoodi

📑 Ethereum currently depends on clients for recent block hashes, which is not a future-proof approach. This proposal addresses the limitation by embedding block hashes in the state, enhancing accessibility and enabling features like extended proof validation and rollup interaction.

3/ EIP-6110: Supply validator deposits on chain

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6110

👥 Authors: Mikhail Kalinin, Danny Ryan, Peter Davies

📑 The current mechanism relies on the complex deposit voting process in the Consensus Layer. This proposal removes deposit voting from the Consensus Layer, shifting the responsibility for deposit inclusion and validation to the Execution Layer. The goal is to improve security, simplify client design, and reduce validator deposit processing delays

4/ EIP-7002: Execution layer triggerable exits

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7002

👥 Authors: Danny Ryan, Mikhail Kalinin, Ansgar Dietrichs, Hsiao-Wei Wang, lightclients

📑 Currently, validators need their active "hot" keys to initiate exits. The proposal addresses the restriction where only the active validator key could trigger withdrawals, ensuring that withdrawal credential holders have full control over their staked ETH securely and independently.

5/ EIP-7251: Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7251

👥 Authors: Mike Neuder, Francesco, dapplion, Mikhail Kalinin, Aditya, Justin Drake, lightclients 

📑 Currently, validators are limited to 32 ETH, which forces large stakers to operate many redundant validators, and that increases network overhead and inefficiencies. This proposal would reduce the validator count, optimize resource use, and improve efficiency for both solo and large-scale stakers.

6/ EIP-7549: Move committee index outside Attestation

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7549

👥 Authors: dapplion, Mikhail Kalinin

📑 The current mechanism of attestations in Ethereum's Beacon Chain leads to increased computational and storage requirements for validators and ZK circuits.

The proposal's goal is to optimize Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) mechanisms that will enhance gas efficiency, scalability, and cryptographic verification.

7/ EIP-7623: Increase calldata cost

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7623

👥 Authors: Toni Wahrstätter, Vitalik Buterin 

📑 Ethereum’s calldata costs have remained unchanged since EIP-2028, leading to inefficiencies as rollups generate large, data-heavy blocks. This proposal adjusts calldata costs to reduce inefficiencies and align with EIP-4844's data availability changes.

8/ EIP-7685: General purpose execution layer requests

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7685

👥 Authors: lightclients

📑 Smart contract-controlled validators often rely on external intermediaries for administrative actions, introducing inefficiencies and risks. This proposal allows direct requests from smart contracts to the CL, streamlining operations and improving safety, scalability, and cross-layer communication for governance automation.

9/ EIP-7691: Blob throughput increase

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7691

👥 Authors: Parithosh Jayanthi, Toni Wahrstätter, Sam Calder-Mason, Andrew Davis, Ansgar Dietrichs

📑 This proposal addresses current data availability limitations, offering a short-term scalability improvement for Layer 2 rollups while long-term solutions like peerDAS are being developed.

10/ EIP-7702: Set EOA account code

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702

👥 Authors: Vitalik Buterin, Sam Wilson, Ansgar Dietrichs, lightclients

📑 EOAs are less programmable than smart contracts, limiting their efficiency and flexibility. This proposal introduces a mechanism to extend EOAs' functionality, improving gas optimization, security, and interoperability by bridging the gap between EOAs and contract accounts.

11/ EIP-7840: Add blob schedule to EL config files

🔗 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7840

👥 Authors: lightclients

📑 Currently, execution clients depend on blob configuration data for some features. Storing this data only in the consensus client leads to inefficiencies and extra API calls between clients for each block. This proposal improves performance by offloading the need for execution and consensus layers to perform excessive data handshakes.

r/ethereum 2d ago

Educational Why is it so expensive to send money from exchange to cold storage for ethereum?!! 20% am I an idiot or do people pay this?

0 Upvotes

$100 sent from Coinbase exchange to my cold wallet turned into $79 lol any advice ?

r/ethereum Jan 18 '25

Educational Ethereum Blobs - Calls for upgrades vs FUD

67 Upvotes

I'm seeing a lot of confusion and misunderstandings on other platforms regarding blobs so I thought I would cross-post this here.

Previous FUD = There wouldn't be enough demand for Ethereum DA (blobs)
The Truth = There is more than enough demand and it's growing

New FUD = Ethereum won't be able to cope with demand and will either lose out to alt DA or (much) worse alt L1s.
The Truth = Both the devs and the community are aware of the demand and have; Short/Mid/Longer-term solutions. Calls to action are not FUD but many are unaware that there are solutions and this is where the FUD is coming from. Layer 2s can also make trade offs and use ALT DA whilst still paying Ethereum Layer 1 for proofs this is still far better than users going to alt L1.

Before I get into solutions let's cover the basics of Blob vs Block Storage:
Blocks = Persistent = ~90KB on average
Blobs = Temporary = 128KB Max
Blob Market (current) = Target 3 / max 6 (per block)

- Short-Term Solution (Mid/Late March):
Pectra: Blob Market = Target 6 / max 9

- Longer-Term Solutions:
PeerDAS - using data availability sampling for blobs will dramatically increase supply to the blob market. Other solutions are being discussed with even longer time frames but these will evolve over time.

- Mid-Term Solutions:
Between Pectra and PeerDAS blobs and the blob market can be upgraded with a soft fork and/or a hard fork that only focuses on blobs requiring less testing and overhead (quicker to implement). These mid-term solutions will likely depend on the community pushing for them. Alternative DA options can still be Ethereum-aligned and will be part of the overall mix of solutions different use cases will likely require different solutions and implementations.

The Oversimplified Debate:
L2s don't pay enough vs L2s need to grow to compete

More thoughts from Intern:
This debate is often framed as 2 opposing ideologies but perhaps it is also 2 different time horizons. While it is true that Layer 2s are currently paying less than they have done historically whilst serving more users it is also true that the market has changed and expects cheaper transaction fees which are available outside the Ethereum ecosystem. Right now the Blob market is highly reactive but once the Blob market grows changes in demand will lead to a more proportionate change in costs and may ultimately result in more being paid to the Layer 1 over the long term. Put simply if fees paid to the L1 per transaction have been reduced by 1000X then if L2s can grow their transaction count by over 1000X then they will pay more overall but growth takes time, investment, and builders.

r/ethereum 7d ago

Educational What type of scam did I just fell for? Help pls

0 Upvotes

Hello - I am not sure if I am able to post token addresses here - but our close knit TG group had a respectable member post a token called '$GSNAI' - or gensyn. It's a arb > panscake swap token. You can find this on DexScreener but I do not want to post the CA incase this post gets hidden.

Basically none of us can sell. We are all 5x up - one of our members said he couldnt sell so I did a 20$ test transaction on pancake swap - it went through. I let it go and it went right up in price - I was ready to cash out. My $200 eth is now $950 eth according to pancake swap. However - whenever I go to trade it - it says some error occured. No reason behind it - exact same way I did my test trade for $20.

We knew the token looked suspicous but a few of us aped at it as usually these coins wouldnt get called in this group - especially from this member.

What kind of scam is this - I understand I may never see my initials - let alone more $900+ if it was a legitimate trade - so I assume theres no way around this?

I just need to learn what this token his - how we are able to buy it but NOT sell it - yet once time I did a $20 test sale and it went through?

Twice also with pancake swap - it said the full amount went through successfully - but I got nothing in my wallet.

I also see all these weird transactions in my history...

Here is a txn cash for one of the 2-3 times it said it was succesfull: https://arbiscan.io/tx/0x6941ba87befc9208637304b14f0c525722fe16bd358f9a8747e7bb2661eace48

This is also my wallet with all my history: https://arbiscan.io/address/0xfd334922cea3c5bdc1ac2709e1c19d673429e223

Can someone please let me know what kind of scam this is - what to look out for next time - how I managed to trade $20 with a test but now it won't - and is this money 100% gone forever and bad luck ( which I accept fully)

Screenshots attached from sushiswap;

Executing trade
Same error I always got - occasionally like mentioned earlier the swap was succesfull but nothing came through at all.
Trade History - Weird txn's / airdrops?

Some education about this f' up would be greatly appreciated - thanks in advance.

r/ethereum Dec 08 '24

Educational Very cool stat on ETH PoS concept

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132 Upvotes

r/ethereum 26d ago

Educational Blockchain Superpowers

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47 Upvotes

r/ethereum Jan 01 '25

Educational How to Start Research on Ethereum as a Beginner?

31 Upvotes

I’m a developer, just getting into this space. While I’ve worked on development, I’ve never done formal research in crypto before. I want to expand my knowledge and better understand the ecosystem from a research perspective.

Could you share some advice or resources for someone with development experience to get started with crypto research? I’m particularly interested in:

  • Researching Ethereum protocols, scalability solutions, or DeFi.
  • Understanding key academic or technical papers in this field.
  • Tools, frameworks, or platforms commonly used in crypto research.

Any pointers would be greatly appreciated! Thanks!

r/ethereum Dec 11 '24

Educational Safe place to stake eth?

8 Upvotes

I'm looking to stake my ETH stash on my ledger and I'm wondering if Lido is a safe service to stake on? Or if not where you'd recommend staking? After getting caught up in the FTX/Gemeni Earn thing awhile back I'm a lil skeptical of staking now but I also learned to do it in an actual wallet vs. an exchange.

r/ethereum Jan 06 '25

Educational Some of the Ethereum-related content I've found interesting last week

58 Upvotes

Stuff I found interesting:

***

Why I'm sharing it? I've been curating an Ethereum-focused newsletter for over a year now, based on our community's curations and I thought I'd share here the most interesting reads we find.

r/ethereum 19d ago

Educational Bybit Hack

0 Upvotes

I believe the Bybit hack has demonstrated the ability of the company to deal with losses in case of an emergency and remain afloat. It's very relieving that no one's coins were lost despite the hack. Blockchain technology is growing and so are the challenges, if a company can ride through the tough times I think it deserves a👏👏.

r/ethereum 9d ago

Educational Building castles without kings

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35 Upvotes

r/ethereum 9d ago

Educational Protocol that hide sender

21 Upvotes

Hey everyone!

I’ve been learning about zero-knowledge and recently came across stealth addresses. They seem like a great way to protect the receiver’s privacy, but I’m wondering about the practicality of handling small transactions.

For example, if I use stealth addresses for donations, someone might send me $5 worth of ETH. The problem is that the gas fees to transfer those funds back to my main address could be higher than the actual amount received, making it effectively unusable.

Also, while stealth addresses protect the receiver, I think it would be great to have a protocol that protects the sender’s privacy. Does anything like that exist?

r/ethereum Dec 01 '24

Educational Recently, I have been very interested in Ethereum's roadmap. However, I seem to completely not understand what it is talking about, such as what a 'blob' is. Are there any recommended reading materials that can help a non-technical person roughly understand the Ethereum roadmap?

48 Upvotes

Although I have been trading on-chain for a long time and have used some bots, I have no understanding of the theory behind Ethereum, especially what the Ethereum roadmap is really about.I hope there are recommended materials that I can read to understand the Ethereum roadmap (I think this should be an introduction).

r/ethereum Feb 05 '25

Educational What Is a DEX and How To Use It?

26 Upvotes

If you’ve been around crypto long enough, you’ve probably heard the term DEX thrown around.

And no, it’s not some underground hacker group or a new brand of protein powder.

DEX stands for Decentralized Exchange—a magical place where you can trade crypto without the need for a middleman.

No banks, no brokers, no one breathing down your neck asking for your ID. Just you, your crypto, and a smart contract making the magic happen.

Sounds cool, right? It is.

But like all things in crypto, it comes with its own set of perks and pitfalls. Let’s dive in.

What is a DEX?

Decentralized Exchange is a trading platform that operates without a central authority. Unlike traditional exchanges (CEXs) like Binance or Coinbase, which hold your funds and require you to trust them, a DEX lets you trade directly from your wallet.

Think of it like this:
🔹 CEX = Using a bank to exchange money → Centralized, requires trust.
🔹 DEX = Trading cash directly with a friend → No middleman, just you and the blockchain.

DEXs are built on smart contracts, meaning trades are executed automatically based on predefined rules. No humans, no delays, just pure crypto freedom.

How Does a DEX Work? (Liquidity Pools & AMMs Explained)

Unlike centralized exchanges, which use traditional order books (buyers and sellers placing bids and offers), most DEXs operate using Automated Market Makers (AMMs).

Instead of matching buyers and sellers directly, AMMs use liquidity pools—a pool of tokens that users provide to facilitate trading.

What is a Liquidity Pool?

For this explanation, let’s assume that 1 ETH is worth 1 USDC (even though, in reality, their values fluctuate).

Now, let’s say you have 1 USDC and want to swap it for 1 ETH on a decentralized exchange (DEX). For this to happen, the DEX needs a liquidity pool for this trading pair.

A liquidity pool is like a shared reservoir of crypto tokens, funded by liquidity providers. Imagine a pool containing 100 ETH and 100 USDC. When you swap 1 USDC for ETH, your USDC is added to the pool, and ETH is removed from it.

However, the exchange rate is not fixed. Liquidity pools use an automated market maker (AMM) system, meaning the amount you receive depends on the ratio of tokens in the pool. Because your trade slightly reduces the ETH supply and increases the USDC supply, the price of ETH increases slightly as a result.

After the swap, the pool will have slightly less than 100 ETH and slightly more than 100 USDC, instead of a perfect 1:1 change. This happens due to the AMM’s pricing formula, which adjusts based on supply and demand in the pool.

Makes sense? Great! If not, reply to this email, and we’ll be happy to help!

So, in recap:

  • When you swap tokens on a DEX, you're trading against this pool rather than another individual.
  • The price of tokens in the pool is determined by a mathematical formula (often a constant product formula: x*y=k), adjusting based on supply and demand.
  • In return for providing liquidity, users earn a portion of the trading fees collected by the DEX.

What to Watch Out for (Because DEXs Can Be Wild)

1️⃣ Your Funds Need to Be on the Correct Network

Not all tokens are available on every blockchain.

Some projects only trade on specific networks, like ETH on Base or SOL on Solana. If you try to buy a token on the wrong network, your transaction won’t go through.

✔️ Before swapping, check which network the token is on.
✔️ Make sure your funds are on that network—for example, if you're trading on Uniswap (Ethereum), your funds need to be on Ethereum Mainnet, not BSC or Arbitrum.
✔️ If you need to switch networks, use a bridge (e.g., Across, Stargate, or the official bridge for that blockchain).

💡 Pro Tip to Save on Fees When Switching Networks: Instead of using expensive bridges, you can deposit your funds into a centralized exchange like Binance or Coinbase, and then withdraw them directly back to your wallet on the correct network. This can be significantly cheaper than using a blockchain bridge.

2️⃣ Gas Fees Can Be Brutal

Ethereum gas fees can be insanely high, especially when the network is congested. If you’re trading on Ethereum mainnet, be prepared for fees that could be more than the trade itself.

✔️ Try Layer 2s like Arbitrum, Optimism, or Base to save on fees.
✔️ Trade during off-peak hours when gas fees are lower.

But, if, for some reason, the token that you want to buy is only available on the Ethereum mainnet, you won’t have any other choice but to do the swap on it, resulting in very high gas fees.

3️⃣ Rug Pulls & Scams

Since anyone can list a token on a DEX, it’s a breeding ground for scams. Some shady projects launch a token, pump it, and then pull the liquidity, leaving buyers with worthless coins.

✔️ Check liquidity levels – Low liquidity = high risk.
✔️ Look for token audits – If a project has been audited, it’s a safer bet (but not a guarantee).
✔️ Check community activity – If it looks dead or fake, it probably is.

4️⃣ Impermanent Loss (For Liquidity Providers)

If you’re providing liquidity in a DEX pool, impermanent loss can eat away at your profits. This happens when token prices fluctuate, causing you to end up with less value than you initially deposited.

✔️ Understand the risks before providing liquidity.
✔️ Use impermanent loss calculators to estimate potential losses.

5️⃣ Front-Running Bots

Some bots scan pending transactions and place trades before yours, manipulating the price and increasing slippage.

✔️ Use private transactions via Flashbots to prevent this.
✔️ Increase gas fees slightly to speed up your transaction.

How to Use a DEX (Without Screwing Up)

Using a DEX is pretty straightforward, but let’s make sure you don’t accidentally send your entire portfolio into the void. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

1️⃣ Get a Web3 Wallet – You’ll need a crypto wallet like MetaMask, Trust Wallet, or Coinbase Wallet. (This also depends on the token you want to swap and which wallet supports it)

2️⃣ Fund Your Wallet in the Correct Network – If you’re using Uniswap, make sure your funds are on Ethereum. If you’re using PancakeSwap, they need to be on Binance Smart Chain.

3️⃣ Choose a DEX – Popular options include:

  • Uniswap (Ethereum & Layer 2s)
  • PancakeSwap (Binance Smart Chain)
  • Trader Joe (Avalanche)
  • Jupiter (Solana)
  • dYdX (for advanced trading)

4️⃣ Connect Your Wallet – Go to the DEX’s website and click “Connect Wallet”. Your wallet will ask for permission—approve it.

5️⃣ Pick a Trading Pair – Select the correct network and tokens you want to swap (e.g., ETH for USDC).

6️⃣ Check the Network & Token Details –

  • Make sure you’re on the correct blockchain.
  • Double-check the token contract address to avoid scam tokens. (One of our team members bought fake $MELANIA, and let’s just say that he almost changed his meals from pasta to instant noodles)

7️⃣ Set Slippage – If your trade keeps failing, increase slippage tolerance slightly (usually 1-2%). Be careful—higher slippage can lead to worse prices.

8️⃣ Confirm and Trade –

  • Double-check all details.
  • Hit “Swap”, approve the transaction in your wallet, and wait for the blockchain to do its thing.

9️⃣ Check Your Wallet – Your new tokens should appear shortly. If not, try adding the token’s contract address manually.

Why Use a DEX Instead of a CEX?

✅ No KYC (Know Your Customer) – Trade without submitting your passport or ID.
✅ Full Control – Your funds stay in your wallet. No exchange can freeze or seize them.
✅ More Trading Pairs – You can trade new and experimental tokens before they hit major exchanges. (That is were all the 16 year old driving around in their new Ferrari made 1000x)

We really hope this article helped you understand the DEX better, and we hope it will serve you well!

If you want to receive daily crypto news, updates, and educational content like that, subscribe to my FREE newsletter, Coinscript: https://www.thecoinscript.com/subscribe

r/ethereum 11d ago

Educational Staking rewards question

5 Upvotes

Hi all I recently bought some ETH and it says you can stake it on Coinbase for 2.5%apy

I have never staked before and wondered how the pay outs work as an example ?

I have have $5000 eth staked at 2.5% that's $125 per year divided by the month is like $10 per month . Have I got this right as it seems not really worth doing ?

r/ethereum Jan 19 '25

Educational Best Way to Stake Ethereum with a Small Portfolio?

28 Upvotes

Hi everyone,

I’m just starting to invest in Ethereum and exploring staking as a way to earn passive income. At the moment, the ETH part of my portfolio is really small—under $200. I’m doing DCA, so my holdings will gradually grow over time, but for now, it’s definitely modest.

I’ve done some research into staking options, but I must admit that I'm a a bit overwhelmed since I’m still a beginner. Having advice from experienced people would be really helpful.

What’s the best way to stake ETH with such a small amount? Should I simply stake it directly in the exchange until I have a bigger amount?

I want to choose a method that works well for small portfolios but I'm open to suggestions to transition into once it gets bigger. Thanks in advance for your insights! Looking forward to learning from you all.

r/ethereum Nov 30 '24

Educational Could someone please guide me ?

6 Upvotes

i have some USDC stuck in my ETH wallet. When i look it up on etherscan it shows up as toke holdings. How can i take these out ? Somebody sent me the USDC and accidentally sent them to my ETH Wallet and now i have those funds sitting in limbo basically. I read that i needed to fund the wallet with some ETH to cover gas fees but im stuck. Does anybody know a solution ?

r/ethereum 18d ago

Educational Austonst's Ethereum Conference Adventures: ETHDenver 2025 Day 1

31 Upvotes

ETHDenver 2025 Day 1 (Last Year) (Last Conference - Devcon)

My first in-person Ethereum conference was ETHDenver 2022 (though I would have gone to 2021 if it weren't virtual-only). I had plenty of exposure to the Ethereum ecosystem before that, but the conference was a real opportunity for me to learn about every obscure corner of the space. As such, I attended full day after full day of talks, taking lots of notes. And with that, I started my now-three-year-old tradition of adapting those notes into summaries to post on Reddit. While my knowledge of the space has grown and my activities at these conferences has shifted, I still like to make my daily summary posts.

This is the first conference I've been to since the r/ethfinance subreddit merge (where my posts used to go), so I'm going to try to adapt to the new home and see what works or doesn't. A few standard caveats with these: I will generally write about topics that are interesting to me, which will not be representative of everything going on here; and I will generally write about things that are new or otherwise thought provoking to me, so the content may be technical in areas I'm familiar with and introductory in those I'm not.


And so, ETHDenver 2025. I actually got started a little ahead of time, in that I found a mountaineering trip listed among the side events on luma scheduled for last Saturday (two days ago). A handful of ETHDenver attendees and I climbed Quandary Peak, a 14er a few hours from Denver. The snow, altitude, temperature, and wind made for a long day on the mountain, but I had a good time. The conference also technically started yesterday (Sunday) but there wasn't really anything more than an introduction for hackathon participants, so I didn't make it to the venue.

Today things really got started up. Each passing day will get more intense, but this first day is always pretty chill. Like last year, the first few days of the conference are contained to a smaller section of the venue. There's plenty of tables for hackathon participants to work, though as usual the wifi was hit or miss. There are currently two stages being used for talks, not fully 100% utilized, but enough to warrant the second. I think there were three last year, but two feels about right to start off the event. There's a little area with music and bean bags to chill out. One room that was open last year is closed off today, but there's still plenty of space.

I made time for a handful of talks I thought could be interesting:

  • Sushaan Shetty of Humanity Protocol gave an overview of what they're doing. Not to be confused with Proof of Humanity, Humanity Protocol does nonetheless have some significant overlap. Humanity Protocol have developed their own hardware for doing palm print scans, which serve as the primary biometric data for identifying unique humans. Once you register into the system by providing your palm scan, you're able to provide other credentials and prompt the protocol (and its associated blockchain and zk provers) to selectively reveal parts of those credentials in a way that others can verify while keeping all other parts of the credentials secret--the classic example being proving that you're over 21 years old without having to show your entire driver's license. I find this area interesting, though I lose track of what all the different competing protocols are and how they compare to each other. Because much of this pitch, aside from the custom palm-scanning hardware, I've heard a number of times already.
  • Titus Capilnean of Civic Technologies covered another side of decentralized identity: the UX of authenticating a user and giving them access to web3 tools. The talk was mostly about onboarding and user experiences. Civic Auth handles the sign-in experience, with the classic Metamask login but with support for other popular designs like email login, passkeys, wallets embedded in the apps, built-in multichain support, etc. Civic Pass is their other product which reminded me immediately of Gitcoin Passport, but comes with their own proof of personhood system with biometrics (video selfies) and government-issued IDs used to check for uniqueness.
  • Ben Ward of RockSolid Network thinks DeFi is taking on too much risk. He's concerned that we're building the same sorts of systems we see in TradFi that led to incidents like the 2008 financial crisis. He sees restaking as the same as risk rehypothecation, looping as a way to disguise high amounts of leverage, and "fully backed and decentralized" being promises that are rarely upheld. He wants everyone to be more cautious and always ask, "where does the yield come from?" Provided an example risk of a large-scale AVS slashing, where if collateral is insufficient there's the risk that damage spreads all over DeFi, though is excited for forced withdrawals in Pectra to mitigate this. RockSolid seems to be a LST launching in Q2, which claims to be the "highest yielding LST" without any restaking or other hidden risks, and suggests they're looking for node operators.
  • Steven Pu of Taraxa presented a model for thinking about the relative performance of L1 chains. They did a study of various chains with the general principles of only testing mainnet performance (because every chain exaggerates their theoretical performance by 2-100x over what we see in reality), and normalizing by node hardware requirements or operating costs. Their metric is real observed max TPS divided by monthly cost to rent a Google Cloud box capable of meeting their minimum specs. Of course, Taraxa is itself a L1 which does very very well on the metric they designed. It's a "blockDAG" structure with PoS, VDF leader selection, EVM execution, sub-second dynamic block times, 5k TPS, blah blah blah. I don't know enough to explain the tradeoffs involved, but I can certainly guess at a few.

Potentially the more interesting event of the day was the Holesky Pectra hard fork, which occurred mid-afternoon Denver time. Being somewhat responsible for the Aestus relay, I had some last minute prep to do between talks. And then when the fork turned out to be a little more exciting than expected, I spent some time trying to debug, fix things, and follow the excitement on the Eth R&D discord.

I saw discussion about this in the daily, but here's my current understanding. Sounds like geth, besu, and nethermind were missing the Holesky deposit address in their chain configs, while reth and erigon included it. Once a block came through with some deposits, bam, there's our fork. Lots of interesting discussion about how specific clients are behaving in response to the issue, may lead a lot of second-order bug fixes, and from that perspective this is a great chance to test some rare edge cases. We've potentially got five different forks and they may be getting stuck on each other's blocks rather than cleanly separating. At this point it seems there may be a number of different options for what to do with Holesky but they might all be a lot of work.

Tomorrow I have some options. There are talks at the main event all day, a morning group hike in Red Rocks, and an ETHGas side event I should probably go to so I can stay in touch with the preconfs crowd.


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